Sports Cars

A sports car, is a small, usually two-seater, two-door automobile designed for spirited performance and nimble handling. The term "sports car" was used in The Times, London in 1919. According to USA's Merriam-Webster dictionary, USA's first known use of the term was in 1928.Sports cars started to become popular during the 1920s.
Sports cars may be spartan or luxurious, but high maneuverability and light weight are requisite.Sports cars are usually aerodynamically shaped (since the 1950s), and have a low center of gravity compared to standard models. Steering and suspension are typically designed for precise control at high speeds.Traditionally sports cars were open roadsters, but closed coupés also started to become popular during the 1930s, and the distinction between a sports car and a grand tourer is not absolute. Definition: Attributing the definition of 'sports car' to any particular model can be controversial or the subject of debate among enthusiasts. Authors and experts have often contributed their own ideas to capture a definition. A car may be a  sporting  automobile without being a sports car. Performance modifications of regular, production cars, such as  sport compacts ,  sports sedans ,  muscle cars ,  pony cars  and  hot hatches , generally are not considered sports cars, yet share traits common to sports cars. Certain models can "appeal to both muscle car and sports car enthusiasts, two camps that rarely acknowledged each other's existences."Some models are called "sports cars" for  marketing  purposes to take advantage of greater marketplace acceptance and for promotional purposes. High-performance cars of various configurations are grouped as  Sports and  Grand tourer  cars  or, occasionally, just as  performance cars . Drivetrain and engine layout: The  drivetrain and engine  layout significantly influences the  handling characteristics  of an automobile, and is crucially important in the  design  of a sports car. The  front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout  (FR) is common to sports cars of any era and has survived longer in sports cars than in mainstream automobiles. Examples include the  Caterham 7 ,  Mazda MX-5 , and the  Chevrolet Corvette . More specifically, many such sports cars have a  front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout  (FMR), with the  centre of mass  of the engine between the front axle and the  firewall . In search of improved handling and weight distribution, other layouts are sometimes used. The  rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout  (RMR) is commonly found only in sports cars—the motor is centre-mounted in the chassis (closer to and behind the driver), and powers only the rear wheels. Some high-performance sports car manufacturers, such as  Ferrari  and  Lamborghini  have preferred this layout. The  Fiat X1/9  is an example of an affordable mid-engine sports car. Porsche  is one of the few remaining manufacturers using the  rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout  (RR). The motor's distributed weight across the wheels, in a  Porsche 911 , provides excellent traction, but the significant mass behind the rear wheels makes it more prone to  oversteer  in some situations. Porsche has continuously refined the design and in recent years added  electonic stability control  to counteract these inherent design shortcomings. The  front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout  (FF) layout which is the most common in  sport compacts  and  hot hatches , and modern production cars in general, is not generally used for sports cars. This layout is advantageous for small, light, lower power sports cars, as it avoids the extra weight, increased transmission power loss, and packaging problems of a long driveshaft and longitudinal engine of FR vehicles. However, its conservative handling effect, particularly  understeer , and the fact that many drivers believe rear wheel drive is a more desirable layout for a sports car count against it. The  Fiat Barchetta ,  Saab Sonett , and  Berkeley cars  are sports cars with this layout. Before the 1980s few sports cars used  four-wheel drive , which had traditionally added a lot of weight.Although not a sports car, the  Audi Quattro  proved its worth in rallying. With its improvement in traction, particularly in adverse weather conditions, four-wheel drive is no longer uncommon in high-powered sports cars, e.g.  Porsche ,  Lamborghini , and the  Bugatti Veyron . Seating layout: Traditional sports cars were typically two-seat roadsters. Although the first sports cars were derived from fast  tourers , and early sporting regulations often demanded four seats (even three-seaters were often produced by coachbuilders), two seats became common from about the mid-1920s. Modern sports cars may also have small back seats that are often really only suitable for luggage or small children; such a configuration is referred to as a  2+2  (two full seats + two "occasional" seats). Over the years, some manufacturers of sports cars have sought to increase the practicality of their vehicles by increasing the seating room. One method is to place the driver's seat in the center of the car, which allows two full-sized passenger seats on each side and slightly behind the driver. The arrangement was originally considered for the  Lamborghini Miura , but abandoned as impractical because of the difficulty for the driver to enter/exit the vehicle.  McLaren  used the design in their  F1 . Another  British  manufacturer,  TVR , took a different approach in their Cerbera model. The interior was designed in such a way that the dashboard on the passenger side swept toward the front of the car, which allowed the passenger to sit farther forward than the driver. This gave the rear seat passenger extra room and made the arrangement suitable for three adult passengers and one child seated behind the driver. The arrangement has been referred to by the company as a 3+1.Some  Matra  sports cars even had three seats squeezed next to each other.